5) All are related to the conversion rate between electrical energy and mechanical energy, but their definitions are different. (ε : permittivity) (3) Electromechanical Coupling Factor k The terms, electromechanical coupling factor, energy transmission coefficient, and efficiency are sometimes confused. (2) Taking into account the relation, P = d X, we obtain an important relation between g and d: g = d / ε 0 ε. (1) Piezoelectric Voltage Constant g The induced electric field E is related to an external stress X through the piezoelectric voltage constant g (an important figure of merit for sensor applications): E = g X. 1-4) Piezoelectric Strain Constant d The magnitude of the induced strain x by an external electric field E is represented by this figure of merit (an important figure of merit for actuator applications): x = d E. In this chapter we describe the piezoelectric materials that are used, and various potential applications of piezoelectric materials. " Piezoelectricity is extensively utilized in the fabrication of various devices such as transducers, actuators, surface acoustic wave devices, frequency control and so on. The root of the word " piezo " means " pressure " hence the original meaning of the word piezoelectricity implied " pressure electricity. This is the converse piezoelectric effect. Materials showing this phenomenon also conversely have a geometric strain proportional to an applied electric field. This is called the direct piezoelectric effect and was discovered in quartz by Piere and Jacques Curie in 1880. The induced charges are proportional to the mechanical stress. Certain materials produce electric charges on their surfaces as a consequence of applying mechanical stress.
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